Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities

Lithium-ion batteries, LIBs are ubiquitous through mobile phones, tablets, laptop computers and many other consumer electronic devices. Their increasing demand, mainly driven by the implementation of electric vehicles, brings several environmental issues related to mining, extraction purification scarce materials such as cobalt, nickel lithium. This work provides an overview on relevance recycling their impact. It also analyses components evaluates value in world market. Although there is a strong focus lithium, critical metals, cobalt nickel, addressed. Different methods for different battery reported together with main achievements. The advantages disadvantages used discussed, considered. Finally, associated production, use end life vehicles described.